Turkmenistanのパスポート写真

Turkmen Passport Photo -- State Migration Service Controls and Exit Visa Complications

Turkmenistan's State Migration Service (Dowlet Migrasiýa Gullugy -- Государственная Миграционная Служба) controls one of the most tightly regulated passport systems in the world. Turkmenistan is one of very few countries that still requires citizens to obtain an exit visa before traveling abroad, and passport issuance itself is subject to state approval that can be denied without explanation. This makes having a fully compliant passport photo on the first attempt especially critical -- any rejection extends an already opaque and unpredictable processing timeline.

The Migration Service headquarters in Ashgabat processes the majority of passport applications. Regional offices (welayat migration departments) in Turkmenabat, Mary, Dashoguz, Balkanabat, and Turkmenbashi handle applications from those provinces. Turkmenistan introduced biometric passports in 2008 and updated the design in 2013. Photo specifications follow ICAO 9303 guidelines with some national additions. The official portal is at migration.gov.tm. The Turkmen diaspora is relatively small compared to other Central Asian nations, but communities in Turkey, Russia, and a few other countries process passport renewals through the limited consular network.

Technical Specifications

Dimensions:

• 35 x 45 mm (413 x 531 pixels at 300 DPI) -- the primary passport photo size
• Turkmenistan also uses a 30 x 40 mm format for certain internal documents, but the foreign travel passport requires 35 x 45 mm
• Head height from chin to crown: 28-35 mm
• Face centered horizontally with balanced margins

Background:

• White (ak reňk), solid and uniform
• No shadows, color variation, or visible objects behind the subject
• The background must be completely featureless and extend to all photo edges

Expression and positioning:

• Neutral expression, mouth closed, both eyes open and clearly visible
• Face directly facing the camera with no head tilt or rotation
• Full face visible from the chin to the top of the head
• Shoulders level and parallel to the bottom edge of the photo

Turkmenistan-Specific Photo Rules

Head coverings and national dress: Turkmenistan has a complex relationship with traditional dress and passport photos. The traditional Turkmen tahya (skullcap) is not permitted in passport photos despite its deep cultural significance. Women's traditional head scarves (yashyk/ýaglyk) are similarly prohibited. The government requires all applicants to appear bare-headed. There are no religious exemptions for any type of head covering.

Glasses: Prescription glasses are permitted if lenses are entirely clear and free of any glare, tint, or reflection. Frames must not obstruct the eyes in any way. The Migration Service recommends removing glasses to avoid potential issues during biometric processing.

Jewelry and accessories: No visible earrings, necklaces, or facial piercings. The Turkmen tradition of wearing ornate silver jewelry (such as the gulýaka or tumar) must not extend into the photo frame. Small stud earrings that do not reflect light or alter the ear silhouette are generally tolerated but best avoided.

Clothing: Applicants must wear civilian clothing. Military uniforms are prohibited. Dark-colored clothing is recommended for contrast against the white background. While not officially stated, applicants frequently report that very formal or ornate traditional Turkmen dress (such as the Don -- a ceremonial robe) draws additional scrutiny and is best avoided in favor of simple, modern clothing.

Photo recency: Must be taken within 6 months and reflect the applicant's current appearance.

The Exit Visa System and Its Impact on Photo Requirements

Turkmenistan's exit visa requirement is one of the last such systems in the world. Citizens must obtain permission from the State Migration Service to leave the country, even for short trips. The exit visa application requires its own set of photos -- separate from the passport application photos -- though the specifications are identical (35 x 45 mm, white background).

This means Turkmen citizens may need two separate photo submissions for a single international trip: one set for the passport itself (if applying or renewing) and another set for the exit visa. The practical implication is that applicants should prepare enough compliant photos for both processes simultaneously.

Processing reality: Both passport issuance and exit visa approval are subject to opaque decision-making processes. Applications can be delayed or denied without clear explanation. In this environment, ensuring perfect photo compliance eliminates one variable from an already uncertain process. A photo rejection adds weeks to the timeline and requires another visit to the Migration Service office -- which itself may require a new appointment.

Passport Types and Validity

Turkmenistan issues several passport categories:

• Standard foreign travel passport: Valid for 5 years for adults. The document most citizens apply for.
• Service passport: For government employees on official travel.
• Diplomatic passport: For diplomats and senior officials.

All categories use the same 35 x 45 mm photo specification with identical background and expression requirements.

Where to Get Passport Photos in Turkmenistan

Studios in Ashgabat: Photo studios in central Ashgabat are found along Magtymguly Avenue, near the Russian Bazaar (Jennet market), and in the Parahat and Mir residential districts. Studios near the Migration Service headquarters are most experienced with current passport specifications. A set of passport photos costs 20-50 TMT. Request "pasport üçin surat" (passport photo). Note that Ashgabat has undergone extensive urban redevelopment, and studio locations can change as buildings are demolished and rebuilt.

Studios in regional capitals: Mary, Turkmenabat (Charjew), Dashoguz, and Balkanabat have photo studios near their respective welayat migration offices. Quality varies, with Mary and Turkmenabat generally offering the most reliable services outside the capital. Prices are slightly lower than Ashgabat, typically 15-40 TMT per set.

State-operated photo services: Some Migration Service offices have on-site photo capabilities. The Ashgabat headquarters occasionally offers this service, though availability is unpredictable. Do not rely on this -- bring prepared photos.

Diaspora services: The Turkmen diaspora is small but present in Turkey (Istanbul, Ankara), Russia (Moscow), and a few other countries. Local photo studios in these cities can produce the 35 x 45 mm format. Specify white background explicitly. Cost varies by location -- 50-200 TRY in Turkey, 200-500 RUB in Russia.

Baby and Child Photos

Turkmen children's passports carry the same technical photo requirements as adult documents. Children traveling abroad also require their own exit visa with accompanying photos. Given the bureaucratic complexity of Turkmen travel documentation, families should prepare all photos for all family members in a single studio visit to ensure consistency and avoid repeated trips. Child-specific rules:

• Only the child may appear in the photo -- no parent, guardian, or other person
• Infants should be positioned on a clean white surface and photographed from above
• Eyes open is preferred, but Migration Service clerks exercise discretion for very young infants
• No traditional tahya (skullcap), headbands, hats, or any head covering
• No pacifiers, toys, or bottles visible in the frame
• Children over age 5 must comply with full adult specifications
• The child's face must be clearly visible, in sharp focus, and properly sized within the frame

Common Rejection Reasons

The State Migration Service rejects passport photos for:

1. Head covering of any type -- traditional tahya, scarves, religious coverings, or hats result in immediate rejection
2. Background not white -- off-white walls, colored backgrounds, and visible room elements are common causes
3. Glasses glare or frame obstruction -- reflections from overhead fluorescent lighting in studios
4. Jewelry visible in frame -- ornate earrings, necklaces, and traditional silver adornments that catch light
5. Photo dimensions incorrect -- submitting the 30 x 40 mm internal document format instead of the 35 x 45 mm passport size
6. Expression issues -- smiling, squinting, or visible tension in the face
7. Photo on non-photographic paper -- prints on standard printer paper lack the resolution and color accuracy required for biometric chip encoding
8. Face not properly centered -- head positioned asymmetrically in the frame, often from handheld shooting without a positioning guide

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is the passport photo specification the same for the exit visa and the passport itself? A: The exit visa application may require separate photos, but the 35 x 45 mm white-background specification is the same for both documents. Prepare enough copies for both applications simultaneously.

Q: Can I wear a traditional tahya (skullcap) in my Turkmen passport photo? A: No. Turkmenistan prohibits all head coverings in passport photos, including the traditional tahya. Applicants of all genders must appear bare-headed.

Q: How many photos do I need? A: Bring at least 4 identical photos. If you are applying for both a passport and an exit visa simultaneously, you may need 6-8 total.

Q: I live abroad and cannot easily return to Turkmenistan. Can I renew through an embassy? A: Turkmen embassies and consulates, coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, process passport renewals, though processing times and requirements can vary significantly. Photo specifications are the same as domestic offices. Contact your nearest embassy well in advance to confirm current procedures, as they change frequently.

Q: Why does Turkmenistan also use a 30 x 40 mm photo format? A: The smaller 30 x 40 mm format is used for certain internal documents and some older-style travel documents. The current biometric foreign travel passport requires 35 x 45 mm. If a studio offers both sizes, ensure you specify the correct one for your application type.

Q: Are there restrictions on clothing color in Turkmen passport photos? A: No official restriction on color exists, but white and very light clothing blends with the background and should be avoided. Dark or medium-toned clothing provides the best contrast for biometric processing.